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lunedì 1 dicembre 2008

Il personaggio: Frida Kahlo


Nel 1910 in Messico inizia la rivolta armata contro la dittatura di Porfirio Diaz e la voglia di essere "figlia della rivoluzione" porterà Frida a far credere di essere nata quell’anno (invece che il 6 luglio 1907).
Fu suo padre, un ebreo emigrato dalla Germania a 19 anni, a scegliere il nome (da Fried: pace in tedesco, che poi lei trasformerà in Frida come contestazione alla politica nazista tedesca) ad avvicinarla all’arte e a persuaderla a frequentare l’ambita scuola preparatoria nazionale.
Superato l’esame, Frida si aggregò ai “Cachuchas” un gruppo di studenti che si autodefiniva “provocatorio, antidogmatico e insolente” e nel quale si discuteva di filosofia e letteratura come di politica.
Nel 1925 l'autobus sul quale viaggiava si scontrò con un tram, il corrimano le trapassò il bacino, procurandole fratture alla spina dorsale, alle gambe e alle costole.
Costretta a trascorrere immobilizzata a letto un lungo periodo iniziò a dipingere in modo regolare: grazie al cavalletto e allo specchio, riusciva tramite la pittura ad esternare la sua sofferenza.
Finita la convalescenza, riprese i contatti con i Cachuchas tramite i quali conobbe Julio Antonio Mella, Tina Modotti e Diego Rivera (gli ultimi due, rispettivamente, fotografa ufficiale e fondatore di “El machete” il giornale ufficiale del partito comunista). Frida e Diego si erano già incon-
trati nel ‘22 quando il già famoso muralista aveva ricevuto l’incarico di dipingere l’anfiteatro della sua scuola.
Entrata in contatto con l’ambiente politico, si iscrisse al partito comunista messicano nel ’28, si allontanò più tardi quando Diego venne espulso per le sue opinioni trotzkiste e antistaliniste.
Nel ’29 i due si sposarono, la madre della sposa non digeriva Diego che a suo dire era
“vecchio, grasso e, peggio che mai, comunista e ateo”.
Arrivò la prima gravidanza, inevitabilmente interrotta a causa dei danni al bacino derivati dall’incidente, a distanza di un anno ebbe un aborto spontaneo e venne ricoverata all’Henry Ford Hospital (evento descritto nell’omonimo quadro ambientato nella Detroit industria dove Frida giace in un letto di ospedale, dalla sua mano un cordone la collega al feto ormai perso,
all’inefficiente struttura del bacino, al fiore regalatole da Diego e alla lumaca che rimanda alla lentezza dell’aborto). La coppia si trasferì a New York quando Diego ricevette l’incarico di dipingere un murale al Rockefeller Center ma presto venne licenziato per aver
messo la faccia di Lenin ad uno dei lavoratori rappresentati ed essersi rifiutato di modificarla.
Nonostante l’infedeltà di Diego fosse una costante di cui Frida era sempre stata consapevole, la storia con sua sorella Cristina fu una cosa di cui non riuscì a dimenticare, dipinse quindi il Recuerdo (trafitta da una sbarra, il cuore è ai suoi piedi e sta sanguinando mentre
l’assenza delle mani indica l’impotenza di fronte alla situazione che sta vivendo). È in questo periodo che, forse per un vendicativo bilanciamento di conti, si intrattiene sessualmente con compagnie sia maschili che femminili.
In occasione dello scoppio della guerra civile spagnola Frida partecipò alla fondazione di un comitato di solidarietà in aiuto ai repubblicani, nel frattempo i rapporti con Diego erano apparentemente migliorati e venne loro affidato l’asilo politico di Trotsky e della moglie
(con il quale si vocifera una relazione di alcuni mesi).
Il poeta surrealista Andrè Breton arrivato in Messico per conoscere Trotsky, venne conquistato dalle sue opere a tal punto da organizzarle mostre a New York e Parigi dove riscosse consensi da pittori come Picasso, Duchamp, Kandinskij e Mirò. Mentre la sua fama artistica cresceva le condizioni fisiche non le davano tregua tanto da farle dipingere La columna rota (in un paesaggio desolato e arido, si ritrae punta da numerosi chiodi, dei quali il più grande sul cuore, viviseziona il suo corpo per mostrare una allegorica colonna piena di crepe).
I rapporti con Diego continuarono a peggiorare fino al 6 novembre ’39 quando divorziarono, Frida si tagliò i capelli e abbandonò i vestiti messicani: questa era l’altra de Las dos Fridas (gli sguardi
rivolti al pubblico, la Frida “senza Diego” in un bianco abito europeo macchiato tiene la mano
alla Frida “malata di Diego” vestita da messicana e con in mano un medaglione con l’amato, i due
cuori sono collegati da un cordone-vena bloccata da una pinza emostatica che impedisce il fatale
dissanguamento della Frida “forte”, dietro un cielo tempestoso preannuncia brutte notizie) ma la
separazione non durò a lungo, l’8 dicembre 1940 si risposarono. Nel 1946 venne operata alla co-
lonna, ormai Sin esperanza (l'opera dove, stesa su un letto di ospedale, è costretta da una macchina a ingerire alimenti nauseanti) cominciò a far uso di droghe e dovette ricorrere all’amputazione di una gamba.
Nel ‘53 le venne finalmente dedicata una mostra in Messico, alla quale nemmeno le gravi condizioni fisiche le impedirono di partecipare, nel suo letto si fece trasportare al museo con l’ambulanza.
Negli ultimi giorni la necessità di diffondere la causa politica divenne impellente: era sempre più
convinta che El marxismo darà salud a los enfermos come dipinse (l’aquila americana minaccia tenendo fra gli artigli una bomba mentre la colomba della pace vola sui "rossi" territori e le mani simbolo del marxismo hanno l’occhio della saggezza e la sorreggano liberandola dalla necessità delle stampe fece un autoritratto con Stalin e pochi giorni prima di morire partecipò a una manifestazione contro la caduta del governo democratico del Guatemala, provocata dalla Cia statunitense nonostante fosse costretta sulla sedia a rotelle e con la polmonite.
Il 13 luglio 1954 Frida morì, la diagnosi fu embolia polmonare, il corpo venne cremato e Diego avvolse la bara in una bandiera del partito comunista. Un anno dopo la sua morte, Rivera
cedette la casa al governo messicano per trasformarla in un museo.

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